Injection Site For Subcutaneous Administration †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Injection Site For Subcutaneous Administration. Answer: The currency of the article is relevant and it is up-to-date, thereby facilitating the purpose of the research. It was published in the year 2013. Relevancy of the study can be established by the fact that it focuses on the importance of rotating he injection site for subcutaneous administration of bortezomib (Bor) for treating multiple myeloma. The article was presented well and met the needs of understanding the importance of correct site selection for subcutaneous injection administration. This is particularly essential, as injection site reaction caused due to scBor administration has been found tolerable among several patients, when the site is rotated between the lower and upper quadrants of the abdomen and proximal and distal region on both thighs. The authors viewpoint was based on the fact that injecting scBor at incorrect regions in the thigh can result in severity. The result findings suggested that scBor injection in the thigh was associated with moderate to severe form o f ISR, when compared to injection at abdominal regions. This was attributed to computed tomography findings that provided evidence for the presence of more subcutaneous adipose tissue in the abdomen, than the thighs. This low fat content in wrong injection sites resulted in less dilution of scBor that increased ISR incidence and severity. Accuracy of the results are supported by figures that showed pictures of skin erythema after subcutaneous injection at different sites, and tables showing ISR severity. Major usefulness of the article is its role in recognizing that local subcutaneous fat distribution at injection sites are related with scBor induced ISR. One major limitation is small sample size (15 patients) for the study. Larger sample size and further studies are required to support the findings. Thus, administration of scBor at regions with low fat content (thigh) might lead to severe ISR. The article was published in 2014. The articles relevance is related to the fact that the authors tried to understand the physical, chemical, and physiological properties of subcutaneous injection sites for improving outcomes of delivery of biopharmaceuticals through intravenous routes. The article involved an exhaustive study of the subcutaneous injection sites that was of extreme importance for the present research. The article helped in gaining an understanding of the appropriate sites where subcutaneous injections should be generally administered for injecting biopharmaceuticals. The authors viewpoint was based on the fact that most biopharmaceuticals are formulated at acidic pH with several stabilizing agents. The authors also suggested that the extracellular matrix are made up of collagen protein and provide mechanical stability. Furthermore, the article also stated that collagen fibrils, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulphate are major compounds that present in subcutaneous tissues. Findings of the article also stated that interstitial pressure of subcutaneous tissue is regulated by colloid osmotic pressure and interstitial hydrostatic pressure. Findings of the article suggested that biopharmaceuticals experience a range of potential stressors on being injected at subcutaneous locations. The most common stressors were identified to be steric exclusion, extracellular matrix binding interaction, electrostatic interaction and excipient-API interactions, among others. Accuracy of the results are supported by relevant tables and diagrams that depict the interaction. Major usefulness of the article can be correlated with the fact that it helped in indentifying essential physical, chemical and physiological properties of subcutaneous tissues present at injection sites and illustrated the influence of these factors in affecting stability and absorption of an injected biopharmaceutical. Recognising significance of the interactions also enabled protein formulat ion tailoring for providing optimal stability upon subcutaneous administration. One major limitation is lack of in-vitro laboratory models that would predict stability outcomes or potential events after subcutaneous administration. The currency of the article is relevant since it was published in the year 2014. The information presented in the article determines the impact of subcutaneous injection site, in addition to duration of injection administration on bruising and pain. The viewpoint of the authors is that subcutaneous injection of heparin is an essential nursing intervention and often results in several complications such as, hematoma, bruising, and pain at the injection site. Moreover, the authors also stated that injection site, needle size, heparin amount and aspiration before injection play an important role in development of injection site reactions. Relevance of the research article can be established by the fact that the authors demonstrated effects of these factors by selecting two injection sites, namely, the thigh and the abdomen, in addition to changing the duration of administration. Major findings of the research stated that there was no significant difference in the size and number of brui sing in injection methods in the thigh and abdominal regions. In addition, the findings also illustrated that slower subcutaneous injection of heparin in the thigh or abdomen results in smaller and less number of bruises. Reliability of the findings can be confirmed by tables that display statistical results for bruise and pain occurrence with regards to both injection sites. The article covered the research topic to a certain extent due to the fact that it failed to demonstrate significant differences in pain and bruises upon subcutaneous injection of heparin at different sites. Major usefulness of the article was related to the fact that greater bruising due to subcutaneous heparin injection occurs among females, than males. Moreover, severity of pain was found to be low in the abdomen than the thighs. However, small number of COPD patients who formed the sample and the simple random schedule were the major limitations. References Kamimura, T., Miyamoto, T., Yokota, N., Takashima, S., Chong, Y., Ito, Y., Akashi, K. (2013). Higher incidence of injection site reactions after subcutaneous bortezomib administration on the thigh compared with the abdomen.European journal of haematology,90(2), 157-161. Kinnunen, H. M., Mrsny, R. J. (2014). Improving the outcomes of biopharmaceutical delivery via the subcutaneous route by understanding the chemical, physical and physiological properties of the subcutaneous injection site.Journal of Controlled Release,182, 22-32. Pourghaznein, T., Azimi, A. V., Jafarabadi, M. A. (2014). The effect of injection duration and injection site on pain and bruising of subcutaneous injection of heparin.Journal of clinical nursing,23(7-8), 1105-1113.